75.160.20 (Liquid fuels) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D2699-12 研究火花点火式发动机燃料辛烷值的标准试验方法

Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation. Research O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines. Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation: Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-O.N. determinations. Research O.N., in conjunction with Motor O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the Road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the U.S., and is referred to in vehicle manuals. This is more commonly presented as: Research O.N. is also used either alone or in conjunction with other factors to define the Road O.N. capabilities of spark-ignition engine fuels for vehicles operating in areas of the world other than the United States. Research O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates. Research O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Research O.N., except that this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates. The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is defined by the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more PRF blends. The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the sample fuel establishes the Research O.N. 1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced for spark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N. range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Research O.N. range. 1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment. 1.4 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be a......

Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

ASTM D7547-12 碳氢化合物唯一无铅航空用汽油的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. 1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation gasoline, containing no lead. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification. 1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the time and place of delivery. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Hydrocarbon Only Unleaded Aviation Gasoline

ASTM D5705-12 残留燃料油上方气相硫化氢测量的标准试验方法

Residual fuel oils can contain H2S in the liquid phase and this can result in hazardous vapor phase levels of H2S in storage tank headspaces. The vapor phase levels can vary significantly according to the headspace volume, fuel temperature and agitation. Measurement of H2S levels in the liquid phase provides a useful indication of the residual fuel oil’s propensity to form high vapor phase levels, and lower levels in the residual fuel oil will directly reduce risk of H2S exposure. It is critical, however, that anyone involved in handling fuel oil, such as vessel owners and operators, continue to maintain appropriate safety practices designed to protect the crew, tank farm operators and others who can be exposed to H2S. 5.1.1 The measurement of H2S in the liquid phase is appropriate for product quality control, while the measurement of H2S in the vapor phase is appropriate for health and safety purposes. This test method was developed to provide refineries, fuel terminals and independent testing laboratories, which do not have access to analytical instruments such as a gas chromatograph, with a simple and consistent field test method for the rapid determination of H2S in the vapor phase above residual fuel oils. Note 18212;D5705 is one of three test methods for quantitatively measuring H2S in residual fuels: 1) Test Method D6021 is an analytical test method to determine H2S levels in the liquid phase. 2) Test Method D7621 is a rapid test method to determine H2S levels in the liquid phase. Note 28212;Because of the reactivity, absorptivity and volatility of H2S, any measurement method only provides an H2S concentration at a given moment in time. This test method does not necessarily simulate the vapor phase H2S concentration in a fuel storage tank. It does, however, provide a level of consistency so that the test result is only a function of the residual fuel oil sample and not the test method, operator, or location. No general correlation can be established between this field test and actual vapor phase concentrations of H2S in residual fuel oil storage or transports. However, a facility that produces fuel oil from the same crude source under essentially constant conditions might be able to develop a correlation for its individual case.1.1 This test method covers the field determination of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the vapor phase (equilibrium headspace) of a residual fuel oil sample. 1.2 The test method is applicable to liquids with a viscosity range of 5.5 mm2/s at 40°C to 50 mm2/s at 100°C. The test method is applicable to fuels conforming to Specification D396 Grade Nos. 4, 5 (Heavy), and 6. 1.3 The applicable range is from 5 to 4000 parts per million by volume (ppm v/v) (micro mole/mole). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior t......

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Vapor Phase Above Residual Fuel Oils

ASTM D6227-12 含非烃类组分无铅航空汽油的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers Grades UL82 and UL87 unleaded aviation gasolines, which are defined by this specification and are only for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use these fuels. Components containing hetro-atoms (oxygenates) may be present within the limits specified. 1.2 A fuel may be certified to meet this specification by a producer as Grade UL82 or UL87 aviation gasoline only if blended from component(s) approved for use in these grades of aviation gasoline by the refiner(s) of such components, because only the refiner(s) can attest to the component source and processing, absence of contamination, and the additives used and their concentrations. Consequently, reclassifying of any other product to Grade UL82 or Grade UL87 aviation gasoline does not meet this specification. 1.3 Appendix X1 contains an explanation for the rationale of the specification. Appendix X2 details the reasons for the individual specification requirements. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.

Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component

ASTM D7797-12 通过傅里叶变换红外光谱-快速筛选法利用流量分析测定航空涡轮燃料的脂肪酸甲酯含量的试验方法

1.1 This test method specifies a rapid screening method using flow analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FA-FTIR) spectroscopy with partial least squares (PLS-1) processing for the determination of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of aviation turbine fuel (AVTUR), in the range of 20 to 150 mg/kg.Note 1???Specifications falling within the scope of this test method are: Specification D1655 and Defence Standard 91-91.Note 2???This test method detects all FAME components, with peak IR absorbance at approximately 1749 cm-1 and C8 to C22 molecules, as specified in standards such as Specification D6751 and EN 14214. The accuracy of the method is based on the molecular weight of C16 to C18 FAME species; the presence of other FAME species with different molecular weights could affect the accuracy.Note 3???Additives such as antistatic agents, antioxidants and corrosion inhibitors are measured with the FAME by the FTIR spectrometer. However the effects of these additives are removed by the flow analysis processing.Note 4???FAME concentrations from 150 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg, and below 20 mg/kg can be measured but the precision could be affected. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Test Method for Determination of the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel Using Flow Analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ndash; Rapid Screening Method

ASTM D396-12 燃料油标准规格

1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows: 1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel. 1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range. 1.1.3 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. Note 18212;For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1. Note 28212;A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3. 1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs. 1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Note 38212;The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ASTM D1655-12 航空涡轮机燃料的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract. 1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation turbine fuel for civil use in the operation and certification of aircraft and describes fuels found satisfactory for the operation of aircraft and engines. The specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuels from the refinery to the aircraft. 1.3 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification. 1.4 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel. 1.5 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ASTM D7170-12a 用定容燃烧室法测定柴油规定射程喷油期间衍生十六烷值 (DCN) 的标准试验方法

5.1 The ID and DCN values determined by this test method can provide a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition engines. 5.2 This test can be used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a specification aid to relate or match fuels and engines. 5.3 The relationship of diesel fuel oil DCN determinations to the performance of full-scale, variable-speed, variable-load diesel engines is not completely understood. 5.4 This test may be applied to non-conventional fuels. It is recognized that the performance of non-conventional fuels in full-scale engines is not completely understood. The user is therefore cautioned to investigate the suitability of ignition characteristic measurements for predicting performance in full-scale engines for these types of fuels. 5.5 This test determines ignition characteristics and requires a sample of approximately 220 mL and a test time of approximately 20 min on a fit-for-use instrument. 1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of conventional diesel fuel oils, diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives, and is applicable to products typical of Specification D975, Grades No. 1-D and 2-D regular and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils, European standard EN 590, and Canadian standards CAN/CGSB-3.517-2000 and CAN/CGSB 3.6-2000. The test method may also be applied to the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of blends of fuel oils containing biodiesel material, and diesel fuel oil blending components. 1.2 This test method measures the ignition delay and utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injection into heated, compressed air. An equation converts an ignition delay determination to a derived cetane number (DCN). 1.3 This test method covers the ignition delay range from a minimum value of 35.0 DCN (ignition delay of 4.89 ms) to a maximum value of 59.6 DCN (ignition delay of 2.87 ms). The average DCN result for each sample in the ILS ranged from 37.29 (average ignition delay of 4.5894 ms) to 56.517 (average ignition delay of 3.0281 ms). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oilsmdash;Fixed Range Injection Period, Constant Volume Combustion Chamber Method

ASTM D525-12 汽油氧化稳定性的标准试验方法(诱导期法)

The induction period may be used as an indication of the tendency of motor gasoline to form gum in storage. It should be recognized, however, that its correlation with the formation of gum in storage may vary markedly under different storage conditions and with different gasolines. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the stability of gasoline in finished form only, under accelerated oxidation conditions. (WarningThis test method is not intended for determining the stability of gasoline components, particularly those with a high percentage of low boiling unsaturated compounds, as these may cause explosive conditions within the apparatus. However, because of the unknown nature of certain samples, the pressure vessel assembly shall include a safety burst-disc in order to safeguard the operator.) Note 18212;For measurement of oxidation stability of gasoline by measurement of potential gum, refer to Test Method D873, or IP Test Method 138. Note 28212;The precision data were developed with gasolines derived from hydrocarbon sources only without oxygenates. 1.2 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the kilo Pascal (kPa), and of temperature is °C. 1.3 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)

ASTM D381-12 用喷射蒸发法测定燃料中原在胶含量的标准试验方法

The true significance of this test method for determining gum in motor gasoline is not firmly established. It has been proved that high gum can cause induction-system deposits and sticking of intake valves, and in most instances, it can be assumed that low gum will ensure absence of induction-system difficulties. The user should, however, realize that the test method is not of itself correlative to induction-system deposits. The primary purpose of the test method, as applied to motor gasoline, is the measurement of the oxidation products formed in the sample prior to or during the comparatively mild conditions of the test procedure. Since many motor gasolines are purposely blended with nonvolatile oils or additives, the heptane extraction step is necessary to remove these from the evaporation residue so that the deleterious material, gum, may be determined. With respect to aviation turbine fuels, large quantities of gum are indicative of contamination of fuel by higher boiling oils or particulate matter and generally reflect poor handling practices in distribution downstream of the refinery.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the existent gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form, (including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates and deposit control additivessee Note 7 for additional information) at the time of test. 1.2 Provisions are made for the determination of the heptane insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius. 1.4 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.

Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation

ASTM D2068-12a 测定过滤器阻塞倾向的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is intended for use in evaluating the cleanliness of middle distillate fuels, and biodiesel and biodiesel blends for specifications and quality control purposes. 5.2 The filter media specified in the three procedures are all suitable for the materials in the Scope. Specifications calling up this test method should state the procedure required. 5.3 A change in filtration performance after storage or pretreatment can be indicative of changes of fuel condition. 5.4 The filterability of fuels varies depending on filter porosity and structure and therefore results from this test method might not correlate with full scale filtration. 5.5 Causes of poor filterability in industrial/refinery filters include fuel degradation products, contaminants (including water) picked up during storage or transfer, effects due to temperature or composition for bio fuels, incompatibility of commingled fuels, or interaction of the fuel with the filter media. Any of these could correlate with orifice or filter system plugging, or both. 5.6 The results of the FBT test can range from 1 with a fuel with very good filterability, to over 100 for a fuel with poor filterability. The selection of a single FBT number to define a pass or fail criteria is not possible as this will be dependent on the fuel type and applications. 1.1 This test method covers three procedures for the determination of the filter blocking tendency (FBT) and filterability of middle distillate fuel oils and liquid fuels such as biodiesel and biodiesel blends. The 3 procedures and associated filter types, are applicable to fuels within the viscosity range of 1.3 to 6.0 mm2/s at 40°C.Note 1—ASTM specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method are: Specifications D396 Grades No 1 and 2; Specification D975 Grades 1-D, low sulfur 1-D and 2-D; Specification D2880 Grades 1-GT and 2-GT; Specification D6751. 1.2 This test method is not applicable to fuels that contain free (undissolved) water (see 7.3). 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Filter Blocking Tendency

ASTM D5501-12e1 使用气相色谱法测定含大于20%乙醇的燃料中乙醇和甲醇含量的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a method of determining the percentage of ethanol in an ethanol-gasoline fuel blend over the range of 20 to 100 mass% for compliance with fuel specifications and federal or local fuel regulations. 5.2 Ethanol content of denatured fuel ethanol for gasoline blending is required in accordance with Specification D4806. 5.3 Ethanol content of ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel automotive spark-ignition engines is required in accordance with Specification D5798. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ethanol content of hydrocarbon blends containing greater than 20% ethanol. This method is applicable to denatured fuel ethanol, ethanol fuel blends, and mid-level ethanol blends. 1.1.1 Ethanol is determined from 20 mass% to 100 mass% and methanol is determined from 0.01 mass% to 0.6 mass%. Equations used to convert these individual alcohols from mass% to volume% are provided.Note 1—Fuels containing less than 20% ethanol may be quantified using Test Method D5599, and less than 12% ethanol may be quantified using Test Method D4815. 1.2 This test method does not purport to identify all individual components common to ethanol production or those components that make up the denaturant or hydrocarbon constituent of the fuel. 1.3 Water cannot be determined by this test method and shall be measured by a procedure such as Test Method D1364 and the result used to correct the concentrations determined by this method. 1.4 This test method is inappropriate for impurities that boil at temperatures higher than 225°C or for impurities that cause poor or no response in a flame ionization detector, such as water. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethanol and Methanol Content in Fuels Containing Greater than 20% Ethanol by Gas Chromatography

ASTM D7371-12 用中红外光谱法 (FTIR-ATR-PLS法) 测定柴油中生物柴油 (脂肪酸甲酯) 含量的标准试验方法

Biodiesel is a blendstock commodity primarily used as a value-added blending component with diesel fuel. This test method is applicable for quality control in the production and distribution of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends containing FAME.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel in diesel fuel oils. It is applicable to concentrations from 1.00 to 20 volume % (see Note 1). This procedure is applicable only to FAME. Biodiesel in the form of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) will cause a negative bias. Note 18212;Using the proper ATR sample accessory, the range maybe expanded from 1 to 100 volume %, however precision data is not available above 20 volume %. 1.2 The values stated in SI units of measurement are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)

ASTM D7757-12 通过单色波长色散X射线荧光分光分度计测量汽油及相关产品中硅的标准试验方法

This test method provides rapid and precise measurement of total silicon in naphthas, gasoline, RFG, ethanol and ethanol-fuel blends, and toluene with minimum sample preparation. Typical analysis time is 5 to 10 min per sample. Excitation by monochromatic X-rays reduces background, simplifies matrix correction, and increases the signal/background ratio compared to polychromatic excitation used in conventional WDXRF techniques. Silicone oil defoamer can be added to coker feedstocks to minimize foaming in the coker. Residual silicon in the coker naphtha can adversely affect downstream catalytic processing of the naphtha. This test method provides a means to determine the silicon content of the naphtha. Silicon contamination of gasoline, denatured ethanol, and their blends has led to fouled vehicle components (for example, spark plugs, exhaust oxygen sensors, catalytic converters) requiring parts replacement and repairs. Finished gasoline and ethanol-fuel blends can come into contact with silicon a number of ways. Waste hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene can be added to gasoline. Such solvents can contain soluble silicon compounds. Silicon-based antifoam agents can be used in ethanol plants, which then pass silicon on to the finished ethanol-fuel blend. This test method can be used to determine if gasoline and ethanol-fuel blends meet specifications with respect to silicon content of the fuel, and for resolution of customer problems. Some silicon compounds covered by this test method are significantly more volatile than the silicon compounds typically used for the preparation of the calibration standards. Volatile compounds (for example, hexamethyldisiloxane with a boiling point of 101°C), which typically have boiling points below 170°C can give higher silicon sensitivities than the standard.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total silicon by monochromatic, wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (MWDXRF) spectrometry in naphthas, gasoline, RFG, ethanol and ethanol-fuel blends, and toluene at concentrations of 3 to 100 mg/kg. The precision of this test method was determined by an interlaboratory study using representative samples of the liquids described in 1.1 and 1.2. The pooled limit of quantitation (PLOQ) was estimated to be 3 mg/kg. Note 18212;Volatile samples such as high-vapor-pressure gasolines or light hydrocarbons might not meet the stated precision because of the evaporation of light components during the analysis. Note 28212;Aromatic compounds such as toluene are under the jurisdiction of Committee D16 on Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals. However, toluene can be a contributor to silicon contamination in gasoline (see 4.4), thus its inclusion in this test method. 1.2 Gasoline samples containing ethanol and other oxygenates may be analyzed with this test method provided the matrix of the calibration standards is either matched to the sample matrices or the matrix correction described in Annex A1 is applied to the results. The conditions for matrix matching and matrix correction are provided Section 5, Interferences. 1.3 Samples with silicon concentrations above 100 mg/kg can be analyzed after dilution with appropriate solvent. The precision and bias of silicon determinations on diluted samples have not been determined and may not be the same as shown for neat samples (Section 16). 1.4 A fundamental assumption in this test method is that the standard and sample matrices are well matched, or that the matrix differences are accounted for (see 13.5). Matrix mismatch can be caused by C/H ratio differences between samples and standards or by the presence of other interfering heteroato......

Standard Test Method for Silicon in Gasoline and Related Products by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

ASTM D7220-12 用单色能量扩散X射线谱仪法测定汽车,供暖和航空燃料燃料中硫含量的标准试验方法

This test method provides measurement of total sulfur in automotive, No. 2 heating, and jet fuels with a minimum of sample preparation. A typical analysis time is 180 to 360 s per sample. The quality of automotive, No. 2 heating, and jet fuel can be related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of sulfur concentration is necessary for processing purposes. There are also regulations promulgated in federal, state, and local agencies that restrict the amount of sulfur present in some fuel. If this test method is applied to petroleum materials with matrices significantly different from the calibration materials specified in this test method, the cautions and recommendations in Section 6 should be observed when interpreting the results.1.1 This test method specifies an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method for the determination of total sulfur in automotive, No. 2 heating, and jet fuels with a concentration range of 3 to 942 mg/kg. 1.1.1 The pooled limit of quantitation of this test method as obtained by statistical analysis of inter laboratory test results is 3 mg/kg sulfur. 1.1.2 This test method is applicable to gasoline, oxygen enriched gasoline (RFG), diesel, diesel/biodiesel blends containing up to twenty volume percent biodiesel, kerosene, jet fuel, jet fuel/biodiesel blends containing up to five volume percent biodiesel and No. 2 home heating oil. 1.2 A fundamental assumption in this test method is that the standard and sample matrix is well matched. Matrix mismatch can be caused by C/H ratio differences between samples and standards or by the presence of other heteroatoms. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3.1 The preferred concentration units are mg/kg sulfur. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

ASTM D4306-12c 受痕量杂质影响的试验用航空燃料采样容器的标准实施规程

3.1 General descriptions for the manual sampling of petroleum products are given in Practice D4057. However, a number of aviation fuel properties are established or affected by trace levels of polar or other compounds. Measurement significance therefore requires that the sample containers not add or adsorb any materials. This practice presents types and preparations of sampling containers found satisfactory for the determination of water separation, copper corrosion, electrical conductivity, thermal stability, lubricity, and trace metal content. An approval procedure for new containers is also given. 3.2 Two properties, particulate contamination and free water content, involve materials easily removed by any sampling container. These properties should be determined by placing the sample directly into the measuring apparatus and not using containers to transport the sample to the measuring equipment. 3.3 Recommendations in this practice provide guidance for immediate use and for storage of samples. Immediate use involves sample storage for periods less than 24 h. 1.1 This practice2 covers the types of and preparation of containers found most suitable for the handling of aviation fuel samples for the determination of critical properties affected by trace contamination. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 5.6.

Standard Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination

ASTM D4814-12 自动火花点火发动机燃油标准规格

1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. 1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1. 1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as Fuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. However, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate content increases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehicle problems also increases. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of unleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and Clean Air Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, deposit control additive certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements. 1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are described in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel.2 However, in addition to the legal requirements found in this research report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in this specification. 1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under continuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition.

Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

ASTM D7112-12 用重质燃料油稳定性分析仪 (光学检测) 测定重质燃料油和原油稳定性和相容性的标准试验方法

5.1 Automatic determination of stability parameters using a light back-scattering technique improves accuracy and removes human errors. In manual testing, operators have to visually compare oil stains on pieces of filter paper to determine if asphaltenes have been precipitated. 5.2 Refinery thermal and hydrocracking processes can be run closer to their severity limits if stability parameters can be calculated more accurately. This gives increased yield and profitability. 5.3 Results from the test method could be used to set a standard specification for stability parameters for fuel oils. 5.4 The compatibility parameters of crude oils can be used in crude oil blending in refineries to determine, in advance, which crude oil blends will be compatible and thus can be used to minimize plugging problems, unit shut downs, and maintenance costs. Determination of crude oil compatibility parameters also enables refineries to select crude oil mixtures more economically. 5.5 This test method can measure stability and compatibility parameters, and determine stability reserve on different blends for particular applications to optimize the blending, storage, and use of heavy fuel oilsNote 1—Users of this test method would normally use stability and compatibility parameters to determine stability reserve of residual products, fuel blends and crude oils. However, the interpretation of stability, stability reserve and compatibility is heavily ‘use dependent,’ and is beyond the scope of this test method. 1.1 This test method covers an automated procedure involving titration and optical detection of precipitated asphaltenes for determining the stability and compatibility parameters of refinery residual streams, residual fuel oils, and crude oils. Stability in this context is the ability to maintain asphaltenes in a peptized or dissolved state and not undergo flocculation or precipitation. Similarly, compatibility relates to the property of mixing two or more oils without precipitation or flocculation of asphaltenes. 1.2 This test method is applicable to residual products from atmospheric and vacuum distillation, from thermal, catalytic, and hydrocracking processes, to products typical of Specifications D396, Grades No. 5L, 5H, and 6, and D2880, Grades No. 3-GT and 4-GT, and to crude oils, providing these products contain 0.05 mass % or greater concentration of asphaltenes. 1.3 This test method is not relevant to oils that contain less than 0.058201;% asphaltenes, and would be pointless to apply to unstable oils that already contain flocculated asphaltenes. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, ass......

Standard Test Method for Determining Stability and Compatibility of Heavy Fuel Oils and Crude Oils by Heavy Fuel Oil Stability Analyzer (Optical Detection)

ASTM D7591-12 用阴离子交换色谱法测定生物柴油混合液中游离甘油和总甘油的标准试验方法

Petroleum-based diesel may be blended with biodiesel. High levels of free glycerin in biodiesel can cause injector deposits (“gel effect”), as well as clogging fuel systems. High levels of unreacted glycerides can cause injector deposits and can adversely affect cold weather operation and filter plugging.1.1 This test method covers and describes an anion exchange chromatography procedure for determining free and total glycerin content of biodiesel (B100) and blends (B0 to B20) with diesel fuel oils defined by Specification D975 Grades 1-D, 2-D, and low sulfur 1-D and 2-D and Specification D6751 (for B100 feedstocks). It is intended for the analysis of biodiesel and blend samples containing between 0.5 to 50 mg/kg glycerin. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Free and Total Glycerin in Biodiesel Blends by Anion Exchange Chromatography

ASTM D975-11b 柴油的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described as follows: 1.1.1 Grade No. 1-D S158212;A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel. 1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S5008212;A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel. 1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D S50008212;A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S5000 fuels. 1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D S158212;A general purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 15 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load. 1.1.5 Grade No. 2-D S5008212;A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum). It is especially suitable for use in applications with conditions of varying speed and load. 1.1.6 Grade No. 2-D S50008212;A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 5000 ppm sulfur (maximum), especially in conditions of varying speed and load. 1.1.7 Grade No. 4-D8212;A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for use in low- and medium-speed diesel engines in applications involving predominantly constant speed and load. Note 18212;A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuel oils is given in X1.2. Note 28212;The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD. 1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of delivery. 1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive. Note 38212;The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide

Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils